Explore 25 famously unsolved ciphers and codes that have baffled experts for centuries. From ancient scripts to modern ...

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For 51 years, one of the Zodiac Killer’s puzzling codes he sent in letters to newspapers in the late 1960s and early 1970s has confounded the cryptography community, law enforcement and curious ...

IIIF provides researchers rich metadata and media viewing options for comparison of works across cultural heritage collections. Visit the IIIF page to learn more. Edward Hebern of California designed ...

After millions of attempts, thousands of bad solutions and 51 years, the Zodiac Killer’s most infamous cipher has been solved. If your skepticism is tingling, you are not alone. In the decades since ...

Edward Hebern of California designed this machine to encipher and decipher typed messages. It uses one of the most important developments in cipher machines, the rotor. Rotary cipher machines were ...

FORT HUACHUCA, Ariz. -- When Ralph Van Deman established the War Department's intelligence organization shortly after the United States entered World War I, he was faced with the daunting task of ...

Sam Blake, an Australian mathematician, first learned of the Zodiac Killer’s unsolved ciphers — a series of encrypted messages — from a documentary in the 1990s. His interest marginally increased in ...