The innermost matrix of chloroplasts, called the stroma, contains metabolic enzymes and multiple copies of the chloroplast genome. Chloroplasts also have a third internal membrane called the ...

Cells get nutrients from their environment, but where do those nutrients come from? Virtually all organic material on Earth has been produced by cells that convert energy from the Sun into energy ...

Specifically, we are interested in how and why chloroplasts dramatically change their morphology by sending out stroma-filled tubules called “stromules.” We are studying their function during ...